Named after Julius Caesar who used it to send secret military messages. Each letter in the alphabet is shifted by a fixed number of positions.
With shift 3: A → D, B → E, Z → C. The alphabet wraps around — it's modular arithmetic mod 26!
Numbers, symbols, and spaces are not changed. Only A–Z and a–z are shifted. Case is preserved throughout.
Brute Force tries all 25 possible shifts at once — since there are only 25 options, the correct one is always visible!
ROT13 (shift 13) is special: encoding and decoding use the same operation since 13 + 13 = 26 (full alphabet).